Ch 23 Chapter Study Outline
Chapter 23 Study Outline
- Origins of the Cold War
- The two powers
- United States
- Measures of power
- Global agenda
- Soviet Union
- Measures of power
- Global agenda
- Roots of "containment"
- Projection of Soviet dominance in eastern Europe
- George Kennan's Long Telegram
- Winston Churchill's "iron curtain" speech
- Truman Doctrine
- Background
- President Truman's perspective on world
- Lack of experience
- Black-and-white outlook
- Greece and Turkey questions
- Internal conflicts
- Strategic significance
- Disengagement of Britain
- Unveiling by Truman
- Themes and significance
- Presidential embrace of containment policy
- Division of globe between "free" and "communist"
- America's ongoing mission to lead, defend "free world"
- Impact on popular conception of postwar world
- Broad bipartisan support
- Implementation
- Aid to anticommunist regimes
- Forging of global military alliances
- Founding of new national security bodies
- Atomic Energy Commission
- National Security Council (NSC)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- The reconstruction of Japan
- U.S. oversees draft of Japanese Constitution
- U.S. oversees economic reconstruction
- Japan become power base to counter communism in Asia
- Marshall Plan
- Provisions
- Underlying motivations and vision
- Achievements
- Berlin crisis
- Emerging East-West conflict over Berlin
- Soviet blockade
- Western airlift
- Lifting of blockade
- Escalation of Cold War
- Division of Germany into East Germany and West Germany
- Soviet acquisition of atomic bomb
- Establishment of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- Avowed mission
- Varied agendas
- Establishment of Warsaw Pact
- Communist revolution in China
- Mao Zedong
- Political repercussions in United States
- American response
- NSC-68
- Korean War
- Postwar division of Korea
- North Korean invasion of south
- Mobilization of U.S. military response
- Perception of Cold War test
- Obtainment of United Nations authorization
- Initial American military progress
- Intervention by China
- Removal of General Douglas MacArthur
- Protracted stalemate; eventual death toll
- Armistice and aftermath
- Concerns raised by Cold War critics
- Simplistic East-West dichotomies
- Inability to see foreign developments on case-by-case basis
- Continual intervention abroad
- Tendency to side with undemocratic regimes
- Aversion to colonial independence
- Ideological mobilization for Cold War
- Effect on notions of freedom
- Realms
- Depictions of U.S. history
- The arts
- Areas
- Film
- Painting
- Music
- Dance
- Secret involvement of national security agencies
- Political discourse—Imperialism and Decolonization
- The Cold War and the idea of freedom
- America as land of pluralism, tolerance, equality, free expression, individual liberty
- Communist regimes as "totalitarian"
- "Socialized" resources (medicine, housing) as communistic, negation of freedom
- Rise of "human rights"
- Background
- Historical origins of concept
- Impact of World War II
- Drafting of UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Range of rights identified
- Civil and political liberties
- Social and economic entitlements
- Affirmation of global accountability of nations
- Cold War contest over
- U.S. emphasis on political rights
- Soviet emphasis on social, economic rights
- Compromise: two separate "covenants"
- Ambiguities of human rights
- A fundamental principle
- National sovereignty superseded human rights
- Nations reluctant to accept "interference" in "internal affairs" and policy
- Truman presidency
- Postwar domestic situation
- Rapid demobilization; return of soldiers to civilian life
- Abolition of wartime regulatory agencies
- Fair Deal
- Aims
- Revive momentum of New Deal
- Improve social safety net and living standards
- Program
- The postwar strike wave
- Contributing factors
- Scope and magnitude
- Range of industries affected
- Operation Dixie
- Truman response
- Concern over economic effect
- Threat to draft striking railroad workers
- Court order against striking miners
- Outcomes
- Republican congressional gains of 1946
- Causes
- Middle-class alarm over strike wave
- Labor disappointment over Truman
- Failure of Operation Dixie
- Consequences
- Rejection of Fair Deal program
- Tax cuts for wealthy
- Taft-Hartley Act
- Provisions
- Impact on organized labor
- Postwar civil rights
- Anti-discrimination measures, state and local
- Vitality of civil rights coalition
- Growing response to lynching
- Integration of major league baseball; Jackie Robinson
- Commission on Civil Rights's To Secure These Rights
- Truman's civil rights initiatives
- Program presented to Congress
- Content
- Defeat
- Desegregation of armed forces
- Underlying considerations
- Personal sentiments
- Cold War implications
- Political strategy
- The 1948 campaign
- Truman and the Democrats
- Drive to revive and broaden New Deal coalition
- Progressive program
- Assault on "do-nothing Congress"
- Strom Thurmond and the States' Rights ("Dixiecrat") party
- Break from Democratic party
- Call for segregation, "states' rights"
- Henry A. Wallace and Progressive party
- Program
- Expansion of social welfare
- Desegregation
- De-escalation of Cold War
- Support from communists; abandonment by liberals
- Thomas A. Dewey and the Republicans
- Colorlessness of candidate
- Complacency and vagueness of campaign
- Truman's upset victory
- Anticommunist crusade
- Wide-ranging impact of Cold War on American life
- Permanent military-industrial establishment
- Federal projects
- Weapons development
- Military bases
- Higher education
- Interstate highway system
- Culture of secrecy, dishonesty
- Revised immigration policy
- Dismantling of segregation
- Assault on right to dissent
- Emergence of anticommunist crusade
- Truman's loyalty review system
- House Un-American Activities Committee hearings on Hollywood
- Loyalty and disloyalty
- Pressure to testify about beliefs, "name names"
- Cooperation and resistance
- Hollywood Ten; blacklist
- The spy trials
- Trial, conviction, and imprisonment of Alger Hiss
- Trial, conviction, and imprisonment of Communist Party leaders
- Trial, conviction, and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- McCarthy and McCarthyism
- Joseph R. McCarthy
- Background
- Emergence with sensational Wheeling speech
- McCarthy's Senate committee hearings
- Wild allegations regarding disloyalty, communist presence
- Growing Republican ambivalence
- McCarthy's downfall
- Army-McCarthy hearings
- Television exposure
- Scolding by Joseph Welch
- Senate censure
- Genesis of term McCarthyism
- Breadth of anticommunist crusade around country
- Initiatives of government (national, state, and local)
- Investigative committees
- Police department "red squads"
- Laws to ban, monitor communist presence
- Loyalty oaths
- Initiatives of private organizations
- Ideological "cleansing" of public libraries, universities
- Acquiescence of judiciary: Dennis v. United States
- Acquiescence of liberals
- Cost to the persecuted
- Anticommunism as popular mass movement
- Strength among those of eastern European descent
- Strength among Catholics
- Uses of anticommunism
- Bureaucratic self-promotion
- Political self-preservation
- Discrediting of political, social targets
- New Deal legacy
- Economic regulation
- Organized labor
- Civil rights
- Feminism
- Homosexuality
- Anticommunist politics
- Republican use of anticommunism to block Truman program
- McCarran Internal Security Act
- McCarran-Walter Act
- Operation Wetback
- Confinement of social welfare benefits to unionized workers
- The Cold War and organized labor
- CIO expulsion of left-wing leaders and unions
- Labor's support for Cold War foreign policy
- Response of civil rights movement to anticommunist crusade
- Outspoken opposition (Paul Robeson, W. E. B. Du Bois)
- Shifting approach of mainstream groups (NAACP, NUL)
- Initial resistance
- Growing accommodation
- Purges of Communist members
- Silence about political persecution
- Embrace of Cold War rhetoric
- Use of Cold War rhetoric to promote civil rights
- Demise of left-leaning organizations (Southern Conference for Human Welfare)
- Lull in momentum for civil rights
- Dampening effect of Cold War
- Diminishing of efforts from Truman administration, Democrats
- Legacy for black postwar prospects
Last modified: Tuesday, March 1, 2011, 7:58 AM