Ch 18 Chapter Study Outline
Chapter 18 Study Outline
- Introduction
- Progressive era
- Surge in production, consumption, urban growth
- Persistence of social problems
- Progressivism
- Broad-based elements
- Loosely defined meanings
- Varied and contradictory character
- New notions of American freedom
- An urban age and consumer society
- Early-twentieth-century economic explosion
- "Golden age" for agriculture
- Growth in number and size of cities
- Stark contrasts of opulence and poverty
- Popular attention to dynamism and ills of the city
- Painters and photographers
- Muckrakers
- Lewis Hine's photography
- Lincoln Steffens's The Shame of the Cities
- Ida Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company
- Novelists
- Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie
- Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
- Immigration as a global process
- Height of "new immigration" from southern and eastern Europe
- Immigration from agrarian to industrial centers as a global process
- Volume and flows
- Causes
- Circumstances of immigrants
- Ellis Island
- Influx of Asian and Mexican immigrants in West
- Immigrant presence in industrial cities
- Aspirations of new immigrants
- Social and legal equality, freedom of conscience, economic opportunity, escape from poverty
- Means to acquire land back home
- Material prosperity as central to "freedom"
- Circumstances of new immigrants
- Close-knit "ethnic" neighborhoods
- Social institutions
- Preservation of native languages
- Churches
- Low pay, harsh working conditions
- Consumer freedom; the new mass-consumption society
- Outlets for consumer goods
- Department stores
- Neighborhood chain stores
- Retail mail order houses
- Expanding range and availability of consumer goods
- Leisure activities
- Amusement parks
- Dance halls
- Theaters; vaudeville
- Movies; "nickelodeons"
- The working woman
- Employment
- Racial and ethnic stratification
- Working woman as symbol of female emancipation; Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Women and Economics
- Leisure, entertainment
- The rise of "Fordism"
- Background on Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company
- Production innovations
- Standardized output
- Lower prices
- Assembly line
- Strategies to attract and discipline labor
- Five-dollar day
- Anti-union espionage
- Linking of mass production and mass consumption
- Impact of mass-consumption ideal
- Recasting of "American way of life"
- Economic "freedom"
- "Standard of living"
- Challenges to material inequalities
- Labor unionism
- Critique of corporate monopoly
- Doctrine of "a living wage"; Father John A. Ryan
- Changing ideas of freedom
- Varieties of Progressivism
- Industrial labor and the meanings of freedom
- Frederick W. Taylor's "scientific management"
- Principles of
- Mixed response to
- Favorable: as way to enhance efficiency
- Unfavorable: as threat to worker independence
- New talk of "industrial freedom," "industrial democracy"
- The Socialist presence
- High watermark of American socialism
- Membership
- Elected officials
- Newspapers
- Eugene V. Debs
- Program
- Immediate reforms
- Public ownership of railroads and factories
- Democratic control of economy
- Breadth of following
- Urban immigrant communities
- Western farming and mining regions
- Native-born intelligentsia
- Rising presence of socialism throughout Atlantic world
- Labor movement; AFL and IWW
- American Federation of Labor
- Surge of growth
- Boundaries of membership
- Skilled industrial and craft laborers
- White, male, and native-born
- Moderate ideology; ties with business Progressives
- National Civic Federation
- Collective bargaining for "responsible" unions
- Alternative strain of rigid employer anti-unionism
- Industrial Workers of the World
- Inclusion of workers from all stations and backgrounds
- Trade union militancy
- Advocate of workers' revolution
- William "Big Bill" Haywood
- Support and guidance for mass, multiethnic strikes
- High points of broad-based labor struggle
- Lawrence "Bread and Roses" textile strike; march of strikers' children
- New Orleans dock workers strike
- Paterson silk workers strike; Paterson pageant
- Colorado Fuel and Iron miners strike; Ludlow Massacre
- Suppression of labor radicalism and emergence of "civil liberties" issue
- The New feminism
- Appearance of the term feminism
- "Lyrical Left"
- New cultural "bohemia"
- Radical reassessments of politics, the arts, sexuality
- Rise of personal freedom
- Freudian psychology
- Free sexual expression and choice
- Pockets of open gay culture
- Birth control movement
- Emma Goldman
- Margaret Sanger
- The Politics of Progressivism
- Global scope of Progressive impulse
- Common strains arising from industrial and urban growth
- International networks of social reformers
- Influence of European "social legislation" on American reformers
- Shared premises
- Commitment to activist government
- View of freedom as a positive concept
- "Effective freedom"; "power to do things"
- John Dewey, Randolph Bourne
- Trans-Atlantic scope of Progressive impulse
- State and local reforms; progressivism in municipal and state politics
- Agendas
- Curbing of political machines
- Regulation of public utilities, railroads, and other business interests
- Taxation of property and corporate wealth
- Improvement and enhancement of public space
- Humanizing of working and living conditions
- Significant municipal and state Progressives
- Mayors Hazen Pingree (Detroit) and Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones (Toledo)
- Governors Hiram Johnson (California) and Robert M. La Follette (Wisconsin)
- Progressive democracy
- Expansion and empowerment of electorate
- Popular election of U.S. senators, judges
- Primary elections
- Initiatives, referendums, recalls
- Women's suffrage
- Contraction and curtailment of electorate
- Disfranchisement of southern blacks
- Spread of appointed city commissions or managers
- Narrowing of voting rights for the poor
- Preference for government by experts; Walter Lippmann's Drift and Mastery
- Women reformers
- Challenge to political exclusion
- Crusades to uplift condition of immigrant poor, women, and child laborers
- Settlement house movement
- Government measures to alleviate problems of housing, labor, health
- Racist aspect
- Leading figures
- Jane Addams (Hull House)
- Julie Lathrop (Children's Bureau)
- Florence Kelley (National Consumers' League)
- The campaign for woman suffrage
- National American Woman Suffrage Association
- Scattered progress at state and local levels
- Gathering focus on constitutional amendment
- Ambiguities of "maternalist" reform
- Drive to improve conditions of working women while reconfirming their dependent status
- Mothers' pensions
- Maximum working hours for women (Muller v. Oregon; Brandeis brief)
- Stamping of gender inequality into foundation for welfare state
- Native American Progressivism
- Profile of Indian reformers
- Intellectuals
- Pan-Indian
- Society of American Indians
- Shared aims
- Highlight plight of Native Americans
- Promote justice for Native Americans
- Differing aims
- Endorsement of federal Indian policy
- Full citizenship rights
- Self-determination
- Carlos Montezuma
- The Progressive presidents
- Progressivism and the rise of the national state
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Succession to presidency; reelection in 1904
- Limits on corporate power
- "Good trusts" and "bad trusts"
- Northern Securities case
- Mediation between labor and capital; 1902 coal strike arbitration
- Regulation of business
- Hepburn Act
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- Meat Inspection Act
- Mixed reaction from business
- Conservation movement
- Late-nineteenth-century antecedents
- Early national parks
- Sierra Club; John Muir
- Wildlife preserves and national parks
- Balance between development and conservation; Gifford Pinchot
- Water as a key point of contention
- William Howard Taft
- Anointment as successor by Roosevelt; electoral victory over Bryan
- Partial continuation of Progressive agenda
- Antitrust initiatives
- Standard Oil case
- American Tobacco case
- Upholding of "good trust"/"bad trust" distinction by Supreme Court
- Support for graduated income tax (Sixteenth Amendment)
- Conservative drift; Pinchot-Ballinger affair
- Election of 1912
- Distinctive outlooks on political and economic freedom
- Woodrow Wilson (Democrat; "New Freedom")
- Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive; "New Nationalism")
- William Howard Taft (Republican; conservative wing)
- Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
- Wilson victory
- Wilson's first-term program
- Underwood tariff
- Labor
- Clayton Act
- Keating-Owen Act
- Adamson Act
- Farmers: Warehouse Act
- Supervision of economy—expanding role of government
- Federal Reserve System
- Federal Trade Commission
Last modified: Tuesday, March 1, 2011, 7:33 AM